Crop: Soybean

Overview

Soybean is a key global oilseed and protein crop, widely used in human food, animal feed, and industrial products. It is rich in protein, essential fatty acids, and other nutrients. Soybean cultivation faces serious threats from diseases, insect pests, and weeds, which can cause significant yield and quality losses. Effective management combines resistant varieties, crop rotation, chemical control, and good field practices.

Soybean Crop Management Recommendations

🔶 Resistant Varieties
Seed treatment with Thiamethoxam 30% FS for early pest protection.
Select locally adapted resistant cultivars.

🔶 Crop Rotation
Apply Chlorpyrifos 480 g/L EC post-rotation for soil pest control.
Rotate with non-host crops like legumes.

🔶 Field Monitoring
Spray Acetamiprid 20% SP at first aphid detection.
Conduct regular weekly field scouting.

🔶 Chemical Application
Use Hexaconazole 5% SC at initial disease symptoms.
Calibrate sprayers for uniform coverage.

🔶 Agronomic Practices
Apply Pendimethalin 455 g/L CS for early weed management.
Optimize planting density and timing.

🔶 Post-Harvest Care
Use Glyphosate 360 g/L SL for field sanitation.
Remove and destroy crop residues promptly.

Common Soybean Diseases

1. Soybean Rust (Fungus)

Impact: Causes premature leaf drop, reduces photosynthesis, and can lead to 30-80% yield loss.
Symptoms: Yellow spots on upper leaf surfaces, with brownish spore masses on the undersides.
Control: Spray Azoxystrobin 250 g/L SC at disease onset, repeating every 10-14 days.

2. Bacterial Blight (Bacteria)

Impact: Impairs leaf function and can cause seed shrinkage in severe cases.
Symptoms: Small, water-soaked lesions on leaves that develop into brown, necrotic spots.
Control: Apply Kasugamycin 2% SL as a preventive spray during early rainy periods.

3. Root Rot (Fungus)

Impact: Causes seedling death and wilting in mature plants, leading to poor stand establishment.
Symptoms: Brown discoloration and decay of roots and lower stem; plants wilt and are easily pulled up.
Control: Treat seeds with Fludioxonil 25 g/L FS before planting.

4. Purple Seed Stain (Fungus)

Impact: Reduces seed quality and market value.
Symptoms: Purple to dark brown lesions on pods and seeds.
Control: Apply Difenoconazole 10% WG at flowering stage to protect pods.

Common Soybean Pests

1. Soybean Aphid

Impact: Heavy infestations cause stunted growth, sooty mold from honeydew, and potential 40% yield loss.
Symptoms: Colonies of small green insects on undersides of leaves, curled and yellowed leaves.
Control Measures: Spray Acetamiprid 20% SP at first detection, ensuring underside leaf coverage.

2. Bean Leaf Beetle

Impact: Causes direct pod feeding damage and can transmit viral diseases, reducing yield and seed quality.
Symptoms: Circular holes in leaves, yellowed foliage, and scarred pods with feeding marks.
Control Measures: Apply Lambda-cyhalothrin 25 g/L EC.

3. Soybean Pod Borer

Impact: Larvae tunnel through stems, disrupting nutrient transport and causing plant lodging.
Symptoms: Wilting plants, frass at stem entry holes, and dead growing tips (“dead hearts”).
Control Measures: Use Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG during early larval stages before stem penetration.

4. Whitefly

Impact: Sucks plant sap and transmits cassava mosaic virus to soybean, reducing photosynthetic area.
Symptoms: Yellow stippling on leaves, sticky honeydew residue, and sooty mold development.
Control Measures: Apply Thiamethoxam 25% WG early in infestation, targeting leaf undersides.

Common Weeds in Soybean Fields

1. Striga (Witchweed)

Impact: Parasitic weed that severely reduces yield (up to 100% in heavy infestations) by attaching to soybean roots and extracting nutrients.
Symptoms: Presence of purple or yellow flowering shoots emerging near soybean plants, stunted crop growth.
Control Measures: Apply Glyphosate 360 g/L SL as a pre-planting treatment in infested fields.

2. Speargrass (Imperata cylindrica)

Impact: Competes aggressively for nutrients and water, forming dense mats that suppress soybean growth.
Symptoms: Sharp-tipped rhizomatous grass with white feathery flower heads, rapidly spreading patches.
Control Measures: Use Quizalofop-P-ethyl 50 g/L EC post-emergence when weeds are actively growing.

3. Blackjack (Bidens pilosa)

Impact: Competes strongly for light and nutrients, reduces harvest efficiency through seed contamination.
Symptoms: Serrated leaves with small yellow flowers producing barbed seeds that cling to clothing and fur.
Control Measures: Spray Pendimethalin 455 g/L CS pre-emergence or Bentazone 480 g/L SL post-emergence.

4. Amaranth (Pigweed)

Impact: Fast-growing weed causing significant yield reduction through intense competition for resources.
Symptoms: Broad reddish-green leaves with dense flower clusters, rapid vertical growth.
Control Measures: Apply Metolachlor 915 g/L EC pre-emergence or Fomesafen 250 g/L SL post-emergence.

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